The EAT clarifies how employers must prove material factor defences in equal pay claims, stressing a practical approach to indirect discrimination and shifting the burden where disadvantage is shown.
This article explores how tribunals and the EAT assess future loss in unfair dismissal cases, highlighting Polkey reductions, tribunal reasoning, and the need to properly evaluate evidence when setting compensatory awards.
![Highway liability & grass verges: Demetrios Karpasitis v Hertfordshire County Council [2025] EWCA Civ 788](https://chroniclelaw.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/nils-schirmer-t2gEfUp9iiA-unsplash-768x512.jpg "Highway liability & grass verges: Demetrios Karpasitis v Hertfordshire County Council [2025] EWCA Civ 788")
Court of Appeal guidance on highway liability and evidential fairness in Karpasitis v Hertfordshire CC, analysing s41 and s58 Highways Act duties, GPS inspection evidence, and the treatment of “manifestly incredible” witness statements.
Exceptional hardship appeals offer motorists a final opportunity to avoid a driving ban under the totting-up system, but the threshold is deliberately high. While many applications fail due to weak evidence or poor presentation, a refusal in the Magistrates’ Court is not the end. Drivers have an automatic right to appeal to the Crown Court. With strict rules, tight deadlines, and a more demanding appeal process, expert legal representation is often essential to maximise the chances of success.
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